Test ID: MITOT Combined Mitochondrial Analysis, Mitochondrial Full Genome and Nuclear Gene Panel, Varies
Ordering Guidance
Shipping Instructions
Ambient blood is preferred to arrive within 96 hours of collection.
Specimen Required
Patient Preparation: A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call 800-533-1710 for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:
Specimen Type: Whole blood
Container/Tube:
Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)
Acceptable: Any anticoagulant
Specimen Volume: 3 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Invert several times to mix blood.
2. Send specimen in original tube.
Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred)/Refrigerated
Additional Information: To ensure minimum volume and concentration of DNA is met, the preferred volume of blood must be submitted. Testing may be canceled if DNA requirements are inadequate.
Specimen Type: Cultured fibroblasts
Container/Tube: T-75 or T-25 flask
Specimen Volume: 1 Full T-75 or 2 full T-25 flasks
Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred)/Refrigerated <24 hours
Specimen Type: Skin biopsy
Supplies: Fibroblast Biopsy Transport Media (T115)
Container/Tube: Sterile container with any standard cell culture media (eg, minimal essential media, RPMI 1640). The solution should be supplemented with 1% penicillin and streptomycin.
Specimen Volume: 4-mm punch
Specimen Stability Information: Refrigerated (preferred)/Ambient
Specimen Type: Tissue biopsy
Supplies: Muscle Biopsy Kit (T541)
Collection Instructions: Prepare and transport specimen per instructions in Muscle Biopsy Specimen Preparation Sheet in Special Instructions.
Specimen Volume: 10-80 mg
Specimen Stability Information: Frozen (preferred)/Ambient/Refrigerated
Forms
1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available in Special Instructions:
-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)
-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing-Spanish (T826)
2. Molecular Genetics: Biochemical Disorders Patient Information (T527) in Special Instructions.
3. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Neurology Specialty Testing Client Test Request (T732) with the specimen.
Useful For
Diagnosis of mitochondrial disease that results from variants in either nuclear-encoded genes or the mitochondrial genome
A second-tier test for patients in whom previous targeted gene variant analyses for specific mitochondrial disease-related genes were negative
Identification of variants known to be associated with mitochondrial disease, allowing for predictive testing of at-risk family members
Reflex Tests
Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
---|---|---|---|
FIBR | Fibroblast Culture | Yes | No |
CRYOB | Cryopreserve for Biochem Studies | No | No |
Testing Algorithm
If skin biopsy is received, fibroblast culture and cryopreservation for biochemical studies will be added at an additional charge.
The following algorithms are available in Special Instructions:
-Epilepsy: Unexplained Refractory and/or Familial Testing Algorithm
Special Instructions
- Muscle Biopsy Specimen Preparation
- Molecular Genetics: Biochemical Disorders Patient Information
- Informed Consent for Genetic Testing
- Targeted Genes Interrogated by Mitochondrial Nuclear Gene Panel
- Epilepsy: Unexplained Refractory and/or Familial Testing Algorithm
- Neuromuscular Myopathy Testing Algorithm
- Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Spanish)
Method Name
Custom Sequence Capture and Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Sanger Sequencing
Reporting Name
Combined Mitochondrial AnalysisSpecimen Type
VariesSpecimen Minimum Volume
Blood: 1 mL
Tissue Biopsy: 20 mg
Specimen Stability Information
Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
---|---|---|---|
Varies | Varies |
Clinical Information
The mitochondrion occupies a unique position in eukaryotic biology. It is the site of energy metabolism, and it is the sole subcellular organelle that is composed of proteins derived from 2 genomes, mitochondrial and nuclear. A group of hereditary disorders due to variants in either the mitochondrial genome or nuclear mitochondrial genes have been well characterized.
The diagnosis of mitochondrial disease can be particularly challenging as the presentation can occur at any age, involve virtually any organ system, and be associated with widely varying severities. Due to the considerable overlap in the clinical phenotypes of various mitochondrial disorders, it is often difficult to distinguish these specific inherited disorders without genetic testing. This test utilizes massively parallel sequencing, also termed next-generation sequencing (NGS), to analyze 176 nuclear-encoded genes implicated in mitochondrial disease and to determine the exact sequence of the entire 16,569 base-pair mitochondrial genome.
The utility of this test is to assist in the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases that result from variants in both nuclear encoded genes and in the mitochondrial genome. Those diseases involving nuclear genes include disorders of mitochondrial protein synthesis, coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis, respiratory chain complexes, and mtDNA maintenance (ie, mitochondrial DNA depletion disorders). Disorders of the mitochondrial genome include those caused by point alterations, such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS), myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), mitochondrial myopathy (MM), neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). In addition to the detection of single base changes with these disorders, large deletions, such as those associated with Kearns-Sayre or Pearson syndromes, are also detected. In contrast to variants in nuclear genes, which are present in either 0, 1, or 2 copies, mitochondrial variants can be present in any fraction of the total organelles, a phenomenon known as heteroplasmy. Typically, the severity of disease presentation is a function of the degree of heteroplasmy. Individuals with a higher fraction of altered mitochondria present with more severe disease than those with lower percentages of altered alleles. The sensitivity for the detection of altered alleles in a background of wild-type (or normal) mitochondrial sequences by NGS is approximately 10%.
See Targeted Genes Interrogated by Mitochondrial Nuclear Gene Panel in Special Instructions for details regarding the targeted nuclear genes identified by this test.
Reference Values
An interpretive report will be provided.
Interpretation
All detected alterations are evaluated according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommendations.(1) Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance. For mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, the degree of heteroplasmy of each single nucleotide or INDEL (insertion/deletion) variant, defined as the ratio (percentage) of variant sequence reads to the total number of reads, will also be reported. Large mtDNA deletions will be reported as either homoplasmic or heteroplasmic, but the degree of heteroplasmy will not be estimated, due to possible preferential amplification of the smaller deletion product by long-range PCR.
Clinical Reference
1. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al: Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015 May;17(5):405-424
2. Munnich A, Rotig A, Cormier-Daire V, Rustin P: Clinical presentation of respiratory chain deficiency. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Accessed September 28, 2020. https://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709§ionid=225086827
3. Wallace DC, Lott MT, Brown MD, Kerstann K: Mitochondria and neuro-ophthalmologic diseases. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA et al, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Accessed September 28, 2020. https://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709§ionid=225088522
4. Wong LJ: Molecular genetics of mitochondrial disorders. Dev Disabil Res. Rev 2010 Jun;16(2):154-162
Day(s) Performed
Varies
Report Available
8 to 10 weeksTest Classification
This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.CPT Code Information
81460-Whole Mitochondrial Genome
81440-Nuclear Encoded Mitochondrial Genes
81465-Whole Mitochondrial Genome Large Deletion Analysis
88233-Tissue culture, skin or solid tissue biopsy (if appropriate)
88240-Cryopreservation (if appropriate)
LOINC Code Information
Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
MITOT | Combined Mitochondrial Analysis | In Process |
Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
48346 | Result Summary | 50397-9 |
48347 | Result-mtDNA Genome Analysis | 53034-5 |
35857 | Result-Mitochondrial Nuclear Genes | 40995-3 |
48348 | Interpretation | 69047-9 |
48349 | Additional Information | 48767-8 |
48350 | Specimen | 31208-2 |
48351 | Source | 31208-2 |
48352 | Released By | 18771-6 |
mml-neurometabolic, mml-neuromuscular, mml-pediatric, mml-movement-disorders